Tag Archives: development

New Year’s Resolutions

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Here we are, the start of another year. As we reflect on 2017, this is where we really start to focus on what lies ahead in 2018. The new year is always interesting because it usually doesn’t affect our build cycles or releases. With the exception of accounting for vacations. Yet, this is the time of year where many people get re-focused and motivated to change old habits or try something new.

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As I look back on 2017, there were a lot of news headlines that focused around security. So many of them highlighting breaches, many termed “mega” breaches. The trend of hyped up headlines glorifying monster breaches will likely continue through 2018 and beyond. We know that breaches can, or will, happen. We have seen examples of different techniques used to gain unauthorized access to data. This won’t change, and will most likely become more prevalent going forward. The amount of information available to potential attackers is enormous, making our job of application security that much more important.

One of the biggest lessons to take away from 2017 is that privacy is important. In addition, private data is not limited to PCI or HIPAA. All sorts of data can be considered private and require the custodian to take proper steps to protect it. It doesn’t matter if the data is held by a Fortune 500 company or a one-person shop. To someone, that data is worth something. As we look into 2018, this reminds us that we must understand what data we have. We must know what type of regulations it may fall under, what applications contain it, and how we are protecting it. Just because data may not fall under a regulation doesn’t mean it should be overlooked. In the end, it is the expectation of our customers and clients that we will handle their data responsibly.

Protecting this data is not about how much money you spend or what tools you buy. Every organization is different. Every application development team is different. I encourage everyone to take the time to research and understand what your team needs to be successful. As in the past, throughout the year I will be posting thoughts on different application security topics. If you have any questions or topics, feel free to share them with me. Looking for someone to talk to about application security? Reach out. I have services available to help organizations and individuals reach new heights and solve problems.

What are your New Year’s Resolutions when it comes to application security?

Understanding Your Application Platform

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Building applications today includes the use of some pretty impressive platforms. These platforms have so much built in capability, many of the most common tasks are easily accomplished through simple method calls. As developers, we rely on these frameworks to provide a certain level of functionality. Much of which we may never even use.

When it comes to security, the platform can be a love/hate relationship. On the one hand, developers may have little control over how the platform handles certain tasks. On the other, the platform may provide excellent security controls. As we mature these platforms, we see a lot of new, cool security features enabled by default. Many view engines have cross-site scripting protections built in by default. Many of the systems use ORM to help reduce SQL Injection vulnerabilities. The problem we often run into is we don’t really know what our platform does and does not provide.

A question was posed about what was the most secure application platform, or which would you recommend. The problem to that question is that the answer really is “It depends.” The frameworks are not all created equally. Some have better XSS preventions. Others may have default CSRF prevention. What a framework does or doesn’t have can also change next month. They are always being updated. Rather than pick the most secure platform, I recommend to people to take the time to understand your platform of choice.

Does it matter if you use PHP, Java, .Net, Python, or Ruby? They all have some built in features, they all have their downfalls. So rather than trying to swap platforms every time a new one gets better features, spend some time to understand the platform you have in front of you. When you understand the risks that you face, you can then determine how those line up with your platform. Do you output user input to a web browser? If so, cross site scripting is a concern. Determine how your platform handles that. It may be that the platform auto encodes that data for you. The encoding may only happen in certain contexts. it may be the platform doesn’t provide any encoding, but rather leaves that up to you.

While the secure by default is more secure, as it reduces the risk of human oversight, applications can still be very secure without it. This is where that understanding comes into play. If I understand my platform and know that it doesn’t encode for me then I must make the effort to protect that. This may even include creating your own function or library that is used enterprise wide to help solve the problem. Unfortunately, when you don’t understand your platform, you never realize that this is a step you must take. Then it is overlooked and you are vulnerable.

I am also seeing more platforms starting to provide security guidelines or checklists to help developers with secure implementation. They may know of areas the platform doesn’t create a protection, so they show how to get around that. Maybe something is not enabled by default, but they recommend and show how to enable that. The more content like this that is produced the more we will understand how to securely create applications.

Whatever platform you use, understanding it will make the most difference. If the platform doesn’t have good documentation, push for it. Ask around or even do the analysis yourself to understand how security works in your situations.

Sub Resource Integrity – SRI

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Do you rely on content distribution networks or CDNs to provide some of your resources? You may not consider some of your resources in this category, but really it is any resource that is provided outside of your server. For example, maybe you pull in the jQuery JavaScript file from ajax.googleapis.com rather than hosting the file on your server.
These CDNs provide a great way to give fast access to these resources. But how do you know you are getting the file you expect?

As an attacker, if I can attack multiple people vs just one, it is a better chance of success. A CDN provides a central location to potentially affect many applications, vs. targeting just one. Would you know if the CDN has modified that file you are expecting?

Welcome Sub Resource Integrity, or SRI. SRI provides the ability to validate the signature of the file against a predetermined hash. It is common for websites that provide files for downloads to provide a hash to validate the file is not corrupt. After downloading the file, you would compute the hash using the same algorithm (typically MD5) and then compare it to the hash listed on the server.

SRI works in a similar way. To implement this, as a developer you create a hash of the expected resource using a specified hashing algorithm. Then, you would add an integrity attribute to your resource, whether it is a script element or stylesheet. When the browser requests the resource, it will compute the hash, compare it to the integrity attribute and if successful, will load the resource. if it is unsuccessful, the file will not be loaded.

How it works

Lets look at how we would implement this for jQuery hosted at google. We will be including the reference from https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.2.1/jquery.min.js

Initially, we might start by just creating a script tag with that as the source. This will work, but doesn’t provide any integrity check. There are a few different ways we can create the digest. An easy way is to use https://www.srihash.org/. The site provides a way to enter in the url to the resource and it will create the script tag for you.

Another option is to generate the hash yourself. To do this you will start by downloading the resource to your local system.

Once the file is downloaded, you can generate the hash by executing the following command:


openssl dgst -sha384 -binary Downloads/jquery.min.js | openssl base64 -A

Make sure you change Downloads/jquery.min.js to your downloaded file path. You should see a hash similar to:

xBuQ/xzmlsLoJpyjoggmTEz8OWUFM0/RC5BsqQBDX2v5cMvDHcMakNTNrHIW2I5f

Now, we can build our script tag as follows (Don’t forget to add the hashing algorithm to the integrity attribute:

<script src=”https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.2.1/jquery.min.js” integrity=”sha384-xBuQ/xzmlsLoJpyjoggmTEz8OWUFM0/RC5BsqQBDX2v5cMvDHcMakNTNrHIW2I5f” crossorigin=”anonymous”></script>

Notice that there is a new crossorigin attribute as well. This is set to anonymous to allow CORS to work correctly. The CDN must have CORS set up to allow the integrity check to occur.

If you want to test the integrity check out, add another script tag to the page (after the above tag) that looks like the following:

<script>alert(window.jQuery);</script>

When the page loads, it should alert with some jQuery information. Now modify the Integrity value (I removed the last character) and reload the page. You should see a message that says “undefined”. This means that the resource was not loaded.

Browser support is still not complete. At this time, only Chrome, Opera, and Firefox support this feature.

Handling Failures

What do you do if the integrity check fails? You don’t want to break your site, right? Using the code snippet we tested with above, we could check to make sure it loaded, and if not, load it from a local resource. This gives us the benefit of using the CDN most of the time and falling back to a local resource only when necessary. The following may be what the updated script looks like:

<script src=”https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.2.1/jquery.min.js” integrity=”sha384-xBuQ/xzmlsLoJpyjoggmTEz8OWUFM0/RC5BsqQBDX2v5cMvDHcMakNTNrHIW2I5f” crossorigin=”anonymous”></script>
<script> window.jQuery || document.write(‘<script src=”/jquery-.min.js”><\/script>’)</script>

When the integtrity check fails, you can see the local resource being loaded in the image below:

SRI-1

If you are using resources hosted on external networks, give some thought about implementing SRI and how it may benefit you. It is still in its early stages and not supported by all browsers, but it can certainly help reduce some of the risk of malicious files delivered through these networks.

Jardine Software helps companies get more value from their application security programs. Let’s talk about how we can help you.

James Jardine is the CEO and Principal Consultant at Jardine Software Inc. He has over 15 years of combined development and security experience. If you are interested in learning more about Jardine Software, you can reach him at james@jardinesoftware.com or @jardinesoftware on twitter.

Understanding the “Why”

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If I told you to adjust your seat before adjusting your mirror in your car, would you just do it? Just because I said so, or do you understand why there is a specific order? Most of us retain concepts better when we can understand them logically.

Developing applications requires a lot of moving pieces. An important piece in that process is implementing security controls to help protect the application, the company, and the users. In many organizations, security is heavily guided by an outside group, i.e.. the security group or 3rd party testers.

Looking at an external test, or even a test by an internal security team, often the result is a report containing findings. These findings typically include a recommendation to guide the application team in a direction to help reduce or mitigate the finding. In my experience, the recommendations tend to be pretty generic. For example, a username harvesting flaw may come with a recommendation to return the same message for both valid and invalid user names. In most cases, this is a valid recommendation as it is the reason for the flaw.

But Why? Why does it matter?

Working with application teams, it quickly becomes clear the level of understanding regarding security topics. The part that is often missing is the Why. Sure, the team can implement a generic message (using the username harvesting flaw above) and it may solve the finding. But does it solve the real issue? What are the chances that when you come back and test another app for this same development team that the flaw may exist somewhere else? When we take the time to really explain why this finding is a concern, how it can be abused, and start discussing ways to mitigate it, the team gets better. Push aside the “sky is falling” and take the time to understand the application and context.

As security professionals we focus too much on fixing a vulnerability. Don’t get me wrong, the vulnerability should be fixed, but we are too focused. Taking a step back allows us to see a better approach. It is much more than just identifying flaws. It is about getting the application teams to understand why they are flaws (not just because security said so) so they become a consideration in future development. This includes the entire application team, not just developers. Lets look at another example.

An Example

Let’s say that you have a change password form that doesn’t require the current password. As a security professional, your wheels are probably spinning. Thinking about issues like CSRF. From a development side, the typical response “Why do I need to input my password when I just did that to login to change my password?” While the change will most likely get made, because security said it had too, there is still a lack of understanding from the application team. If CSRF was your first reason, what if they have CSRF protections already in place? Do you have another reason? What about if the account is hijacked somehow, or a person sits at the user’s desk and they forgot to lock their PC? By explaining the reasoning behind the requirement, it starts to make sense and is better received. It dominos into a chance that the next project that is developed will take this into consideration.

When the business analysts sits down to write the next change password user story, it will be a part of it. Not because security said so, but because they understand the use case better and how to protect it.

If you are receiving test results, take the time to make sure you understand the findings and the WHY. It will help providing a learning objective as well as reduce the risk of not correcting the problem. Understand how the issue and remediation effects your application and users.

James Jardine is the CEO and Principal Consultant at Jardine Software Inc. He has over 15 years of combined development and security experience. If you are interested in learning more about Jardine Software, you can reach him at james@jardinesoftware.com or @jardinesoftware on twitter.

Originally posted at https://www.jardinesoftware.com

Reliance on 3rd Party Components

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It was just recently announced that Apple will no longer be supporting QuickTime for Windows. Just like any other software, when support has ended, the software becomes a security risk. As a matter of fact, there are current known vulnerabilities in QuickTime that will never get patched. The Department of Homeland Security has an alert recommending removal of QuickTime for Windows.

For users, it may seem simple: Uninstall QuickTime from your Windows system. But wait.. what about software they rely on that may require quicktime? There are times when our users are locked into some technologies because of the software we create. How does our decision to use a specific technology have an effect on our end users when it comes to security?

If you have created an application that relies on the installation of QuickTime for Windows this creates somewhat of an issue. It can be very difficult to justify your position to end users to continue using a component that is not only known vulnerable, but is also past the end of life. This brings up a few things to consider when using third party components in our solutions.

Why use the component/technology?

The first question to ask is why do we need this component or technology. Is this a small feature within our application or does our entire business model rely on this. What benefit are we getting by using this component. Are there multiple components by different sources? What process was used to pick the used component? Did you look at the history of the creator, the reviews from other users, how active development is, etc.? When picking a component, more is required than just picking the one with the prettiest marketing page.

How do we handle Updates?

The number of breaches and security vulnerabilities documented is at an all time high. You need to be prepared for the event that there are updates, most likely critical, to the component. How will you handle these updates. What type of process will be in place to make sure that the application is compatible with all of these updates so the user is not forced to use an out-dated version? What would you do if the update removed a critical feature your application relies upon?

What if the component is discontinued?

Handling the updates and patches is one thing, but what happens if the component becomes end of life? When the component is no longer supported there is a greater possibility of security risks around it that will not get fixed. In most situations this will probably lead to the decision to stop using that component. I know, this seems like something we don’t want to think about, but it is critical that all of these possibilities are understood.

We use components in almost any software that we create. We rely on these components. Taking the time to create a process around how these components are selected and how they are maintained will help reduce headache later on. We often focus on the now, forgetting about what may happen tomorrow. Take the time to think about how the component is maintained going forward and how it would effect your business if it went away one day. Will you ask your users to continue using a known vulnerable component, or will you have a plan to make the necessary changes to no longer rely on that component?

When One Testing Solution Isn’t Enough

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Go to any conference, attend some webinars, or just do a search for application security testing solutions and you can quickly see the sheer number of solutions out there. As in every situation, there are some that are great and some that are not so great. With such great marketing, it is often very difficult to determine what is the best solution. All too often people are looking for that silver bullet. That one testing tool or pen testing company that will find everything. Unfortunately, that solution doesn’t exist, or I just haven’t seen it.

Application testing usually falls into two categories: Automated scanning and manual assessments. To break that down further, automated scanning is broken down into two disciplines: Static and dynamic.

Static Analysis

Static scanning means that code is scanned without running it. Here is a quick post about static analyzers. Inputs are traced through the code to see what paths are taken and determine vulnerabilities. Static scans can be efficient at finding flaws such as cross-site scripting, injection flaws, configuration issues, etc. Static scans excel at finding code issues like hard coded passwords, cryptography issues, and other items not possible through a dynamic or manual test. They still do not do very well at finding business logic flaws which can be the most devastating.

Dynamic Analysis

Dynamic scanning means that the application is scanned as it is running. Unlike a static scan, it can be very difficult to identify hard coded passwords or cryptographic issues because they are not visible to the end user. Dynamic scans do a decent job of identifying other flaws such as cross-site scripting, injection flaws, insecure cookies, and some other configuration issues to name a few. Dynamic scanners do not do a good job identifying authentication, authorization, or business logic flaws in general. Properly tuned scanners may be able to do this, but that requires extra work.

Manual Assessments

Manual assessments are mostly a manual process of analyzing source code or using the application to find security flaws. Source code review, has many advantages of the static scanning mentioned above. Penetration testing is very similar to the dynamic scanning mentioned. In both cases, the testing is done manually vs. using just an automated tool. Manual assessments (pen tests) are much more efficient at finding authentication, authorization and business logic flaw types. Of course the quality of the assessment is heavily influenced by the skill of the person doing the assessment.

Some of the big vendors have started offering all three types of assessment for their customers. The big players (White Hat Security, VeraCode, HP, etc.) all offer static, dynamic and manual assessments for your applications. And with good reason. If you have worked in an enterprise where you are required to have multiple assessments by different groups you quickly realize how nothing provides a complete solution. Each assessment paints a portion of the security picture. Items found by one may not be found by the other. In some instances you may think that two should have found the same item, but that is the nature of security.. No one finds everything.

Multiple Solutions

While you may think that it is overkill to have multiple scanning solutions or testers looking at an application, they all bring a different viewpoint and help identify different types of vulnerabilities. Sort of like an enhanced second pair of eyes. Not only can they double check the work the other has done, but in may situations they can identify different types of vulnerabilities. Not only do different solutions find different vulnerabilities, they also find them at different phases of the development lifecycle. It is common to use the static scanners in the development phase. Dynamic scanners are more commonly seen in the verification phase. Manual assessments, especially 3rd party penetration testers, are also in the verification phase, but near the end of the cycle. The closer to development a flaw is found, the quicker it is to remediate it.

The right solution is the one that fits your environment. Take the time to analyze your setup to determine the best way to implement a solution. These solutions take time and should be carefully considered.

SDLC: Understanding your Roles

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Application security should be on the mind of anyone that is part of the application design/build process. That means architects, developers, application owners, QA testers, business analysts and even end users. Everyone of these positions plays a role in the security of the applications. Depending on the organization, the roles can be quite different. You must understand the roles of these positions from a development perspective to really understand how they fit into the security aspect of the machine.

The first step in the process is to define and document each role in the SDLC. The goal is to understand each role’s relation to your SDLC. Usually the size of the development teams indicate the number of roles that may be implemented. Here are a few things to think about when you are defining your roles:

  • Who defines business requirements – Often times the requirements get spread across different teams. Ideally it is the application owner and business analysts working with end users to determine the requirements. However, often times many items are left up to the developers or database administrators to determine or define requirements. This is especially true around input validation or how data is stored.
  • Who directs the coding guidelines – In large enterprises it is common to see a centralized architecture group that defines coding guidelines across different teams. They may define if database access is limited to stored procedures or a specific ORM. In other situations it may be up to the individual developer. Is there a central input validation or output encoding framework?
  • Who determines database schema – When thinking about how data is stored, who defines the fields that are used, how they are protected (encrypted, hashed, plain text) and how the database is structured? Does the table layout make sense? Is it properly segmented?
  • Who tests the application – The quick response is the QA team, but developers are most likely responsible for testing as well. What about third parties, whether they be an internal security team, a client team or other 3rd party testing teams.

Understanding these roles and who is doing what is critical to maturing a secure SDLC program. Traditionally, the groups are often fairly separate, but as you start to look at the different questions you realize that many of these items are handled by multiple groups. It is that collaboration and communication that is also critical to maturing the SDLC.

The next step is to start identifying the people that are occupying these roles. What skillsets do they possess and do they line up with the role you just defined? This will ultimately lead to defining what training is required for each resource. Providing custom training that is specific to the groups needs is much more efficient and effective than just hosting a generic secure coding class. What if the group that needs training is QA or the business analysts? Developer training isn’t what is needed there. What if the group develops in .Net? A course written using Java will not be as effective.

Finally, we start to identify the processes for the SDLC from start to finish and look at what does and does not exist. From the processes that do exist, what role is responsible for that piece of the puzzle. There can be a lot of cogs in the development process, especially when we bring security into the picture. Think about things like static and dynamic analysis, which are part of most mature secure SDLCs. Do these exist, and if not, who will be the people involved with them when they are implemented?

Identifying the full process and what each role is doing is really the beginning of creating baselines for your program which we will cover in another post. This is critical because it provides a starting point so we can define where we are going. Like an asset inventory, you must understand the roles in the entire SDLC and what part they play. Once we start to truly understand our teams, we can start to make the adjustments needed to move forward in secure SDLC maturity.