Tag Archives: AppSec

JavaScript in an HREF or SRC Attribute

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The anchor (<a>) HTML tag is commonly used to provide a clickable link for a user to navigate to another page. Did you know it is also possible to set the HREF attribute to execute JavaScript. A common technique is to use the onclick event of the anchor tab to execute a JavaScript method when the user clicks the link. However, to stop the browser from actually redirecting the HREF can be set to javascript:void(0);. This cancels the HREF functionality and allows the JavaScript from the onclick to execute as expected.

In the above example, notice that the HREF is set with a value starting with “javascript:”. This identifier tells the browser to execute the code following that prefix. For those that are security savvy, you might be thinking about cross-site scripting when you hear about executing JavaScript within the browser. For those of you that are new to security, cross-site scripting refers to the ability for an attacker to execute unintended JavaScript in the context of your application (https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Cross-site_Scripting_(XSS)).

I want to walk through a simple scenario of where this could be abused. In this scenario, the application will attempt to track the page the user came from to set up where the Cancel button will redirect to. Imagine you have a list page that allows you to view details of a specific item. When you click the item it takes you to that item page and passes a BackUrl in the query string. So the link may look like:

https://developsec.com/item.php?backUrl=/items.php

On the page, there is a hyperlink created that sets the HREF to the backUrl property, like below:

<a href=”<?php echo $_GET[“backUrl”];?>”>Back</a>

When the page executes as expected you should get an output like this:

<a href=”/items.php”>Back</a>

There is a big problem though. The application is not performing any type of output encoding to protect against cross-site scripting. If we instead pass in backUrl=”%20onclick=”alert(10); we will get the following output:

<a href=”” onclick=”alert(10);“>Back</a>

In the instance above, we have successfully inserted the onclick event by breaking out of the HREF attribute. The bold section identifies the malicious string we added. When this link is clicked it will prompt an alert box with the number 10.

To remedy this, we could (or typically) use output encoding to block the escape from the HREF attribute. For example, if we can escape the double quotes (” -> &quot; then we cannot get out of the HREF attribute. We can do this (in PHP as an example) using htmlentities() like this:

<a href=”<?php echo htmlentities($_GET[“backUrl”],ENT_QUOTES);?>”>Back</a>

When the value is rendered the quotes will be escapes like the following:

<a href=”&quot; onclick=&"alert(10);“>Back</a>

Notice in this example, the HREF actually has the entire input (in bold), rather than an onclick event actually being added. When the user clicks the link it will try to go to https://www.developsec.com/” onclick=”alert(10); rather than execute the JavaScript.

But Wait… JavaScript

It looks like we have solved the XSS problem, but there is a piece still missing. Remember at the beginning of the post how we mentioned the HREF supports the javascript: prefix? That will allow us to bypass the current encodings we have performed. This is because with using the javascript: prefix, we are not trying to break out of the HREF attribute. We don’t need to break out of the double quotes to create another attribute. This time we will set backUrl=javascript:alert(11); and we can see how it looks in the response:

<a href=”javascript:alert(11);“>Back</a>

When the user clicks on the link, the alert will trigger and display on the page. We have successfully bypassed the XSS protection initially put in place.

Mitigating the Issue

There are a few steps we can take to mitigate this issue. Each has its pros and many can be used in conjunction with each other. Pick the options that work best for your environment.

  • URL Encoding – Since the HREF is meant to be a URL, you could perform URL encoding. URL encoding will render the javascript benign in the above instances because the colon (:) will get encoded. You should be using URL encoding for URLs anyway, right?
  • Implement Content Security Policy (CSP) – CSP can help limit the ability for inline scripts to be executed. In this case, it is an inline script so something as simple as ‘Content-Security-Policy:default-src ‘self’ could be sufficient. Of course, implementing CSP requires research and great care to get it right for your application.
  • Validate the URL – It is a good idea to validate that the URL used is well formed and pointing to a relative path. If the system is unable to parse the URL then it should not be used and a default back URL can be substituted.
  • URL White Listing – Creating a white list of valid URLs for the back link can be effective at limiting what input is used by the end user. This can cut down on the values that are actually returned blocking any malicious scripts.
  • Remove javascript: – This really isn’t recommended as different encodings can make it difficult to effectively remove the string. The other techniques listed above are much more effective.

The above list is not exhaustive, but does give an idea of ways to help reduce the risk of JavaScript within the HREF attribute of a hyper link.

Iframe SRC

It is important to note that this situation also applies to the IFRAME SRC attribute. it is possible to set the SRC of an IFRAME using the javascript: notation. In doing so, the javascript executes when the page is loaded.

Wrap Up

When developing applications, make sure you take this use case into consideration if you are taking URLs from user supplied input and setting that in an anchor tag or IFrame SRC.

If you are responsible for testing applications, take note when you identify URLs in the parameters. Investigate where that data is used. If you see it is used in an anchor tag, look to see if it is possible to insert JavaScript in this manner.

For those performing static analysis or code review, look for areas where the HREF or SRC attributes are set with untrusted data and make sure proper encoding has been applied. This is less of a concern if the base path of the URL has been hard-coded and the untrusted input only makes up parameters of the URL. These should still be properly encoded.

Blue Cross Mails USB sticks – Take-Aways

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You have information you want to share with your customers, but how do you do it securely? How often have you heard not to click links sent via email? You shouldn’t plug in random USB drives to your computer. From a marketing perspective, how do you get large amounts of information, such as videos and specific information, out to your customers?

In a report by Fierce Healthcare (http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/privacy-security/bcbs-alabama-re-evaluates-usb-marketing-campaign-amid-security-concerns) it appears that BCBS of Alabama thought that sending out some fancy USB drives with benefit information was the right choice. Apparently the drive contained videos and other information about benefits for the company.

As you can guess, there was lots of skepticism around the method. We are taught in many security awareness training sessions to never plug untrusted USB drives into our devices. This is a common tactic used during penetration tests where they drop USB drives in the parking lot or in public places to see if someone will plug it in. Once plugged in, it may allow external access to the system for the attacker. Of course, this depends on the controls in place on the system it was plugged into.

You might wonder why we still see USB drives still passed out at conferences. There are still people that do this and you might consider those as trusted because you feel you received them in person. A company representative handed it to you, so it must be safe right? Well.. not necessarily. You should still proceed with caution.

In regards to mailing the drive, there appears to be an assumption of trust. This may be due to the fact that it was physically sent to you, vs. an item that was emailed. It came through the mail system, it had the corporate branding, even the right return address. The key factor is that all of those things can be spoofed. It is simple to create a letter with a company logo and branding and to set the return address to something other than your personal address. The mail system isn’t designed to verify trust in who sent a letter. Instead, it is meant to hopefully put trust in the fact that if you send mail, it will arrive at its destination.

Take Aways

When we analyze the situation, it helps us decide how to better review our systems to understand our risks and controls. There are a few things you can do to help reduce the risk of these types of potential attacks or situations.

Review your security awareness training to see how it covers USB drives and the policies around them. Are your users trained on how to handle a situation where they receive a USB drive from an untrusted source? Do they know who to contact to make sure it is properly analyzed before they attempt to use it?

Work with your marketing teams to determine how different campaign types work and which ones are acceptable. They are typically not considering the security aspect of every option and helping provide some insight goes a long way. It is not a matter of someone purposely trying to do something insecurely, but rather a situation where someone doesn’t have the exposure. Talk through the different scenarios and why they raise the risk level within the organization or to the clients.

Review any technical controls in place within the organization surrounding plugging devices into the computers. Do you have controls to block these devices? Is that control limited to storage devices? Remember that a USB drive can also be a Human Input Device (HID) which appears not as a storage device, but as a keyboard. These HID devices often bypass limitations on other USB drive types to allow executing code on the system.

Identifying alternative methods means calculating the risk of each one and picking the best choice. As an alternative, the campaign could have been an email campaign with a link in it for users to click. The risk is that people are taught not to click links in emails. Another option could have been to send the mail, but instead of the USB Drive, include a link for the user to type into their browser. It is recommended to use a link that goes to your domain, not a shortened URL. This provides more trust in that the destination is not hidden. Take the time to consider alternatives and the risks for each one.

MySpace Account Takeover – Take-aways

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Have you ever forgotten your password, or lost access to your accounts? I know I have. The process of getting your access back can range from very easy to quite difficult. In one case, I had an account that required that a pin code be physically mailed to me in 7-10 days. Of course, this was a financial account that required extra protections.

I came across this article (https://www.wired.com/story/myspace-security-account-takeover/) that identified that MySpace’s process for regaining access to an account was easily by-passable with just a few pieces of information that is commonly easily found.

According to the issue reported, the following details were needed to gain control of an account:

  • Account Holder’s Name
  • UserName
  • Date of Birth

In addition, the email address was part of the form, but was not actually validated.

With the amount of information available on social media platforms, and even though past breaches, it is very difficult to come up with good questions to help validate a user is who they say they are. In this case, the first 2 pieces of information are reportedly available on a user’s account page and are not difficult to find. It is critical that we give great consideration to the way we attempt to validate a user’s identity.

Security or secret questions have been known to be weak for a long time. While they can help provide some assistance in identifying the user, they should not be used alone. One recommendation is to include a side channel for some verification. For example, requiring a user to receive an email at the address on record before answering these questions helps reduce some of the risk. This method now requires that an attacker gain access to the user’s email account to receive a temporary account reset link. Although this is possible, it adds another hurdle to help protect the user’s account.

Similarly, you could look to send a code to a phone number that is currently on record. Like email, it would then require the interception of the phone message, adding difficulty to the process. One of the points here is that you only want to send to email or phone that is already on record. Never allow the user to provide a new email address or phone number as they could add an untrusted phone number and easily take over the account.

There was another piece of this that should be considered, the unvalidated email address. The request for the email address in this reset process may have been meant as another verification of account information. However, as commonly seen, the value wasn’t actually validated on the server. This is an easy oversight to make when working with web forms.

Remember that validation should always be performed on the server. This is because it is simple to bypass client-side validation with the use of simple add-ins or a web proxy.

Validation of data fields should be a standard part of QA testing. Ensure that when testing forms, such as the account recovery, that the form reacts accordingly with many types of inputs. This includes what happens if a field is not provided or if it does not line up with the expected answer. This same situation has been seen on other sites where the current password may be required to update the password, but is not actually verified.

These types of stories help remind us to review these types of functions and features within our application. For older applications, it may have been a while since we have touched these features and how they were designed initially is no longer recommended. Take a moment to look back at your account recovery process to make sure it is up to par with your current requirements.

Looking for some help with your application security program? Just want someone to talk to about these types of topics? Reach out to us. We are here to help and offer a wide range of services to help make your day easier. Reach out to james@developsec.com for more information.

Properly Placing XSS Output Encoding

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Cross-Site Scripting flaws, as well as other injection flaws, are pretty well understood. We know how they work and how to mitigate them. One of the key factors in mitigation of these flaws is output encoding or escaping. For SQL, we escape by using parameters. For cross-site scripting we use context sensitive output encoding.

In this post, I don’t want to focus on the how of output encoding for cross-site scripting. Rather, I want to focus on when in the pipeline it should be done. Over the years I have had a lot of people ask if it is ok to encode the data before storing it in the database. I recently came across this insufficient solution and thought it was a good time to address it again. I will look at a few different cases that indicate why the solution is insufficient and explain a more sufficient approach.

The Database Is Not Trusted

The database should not be considered a trusted resource. This is a common oversight in many organizations, most likely due to the fact that the database is internal. It lives in a protected portion of your production environment. While that is true, it has many sources that have access to it. Even if it is just your application that uses the database today, there are still administrators and update scripts that most likely access it. We can’t rule out the idea of a rogue administrator, even if it is very slim.

We also may not know if other applications access our database. What if there is a mobile application that has access? We can’t guarantee that every source of data is going to properly encode the data before it gets sent to the database. This leaves us with a gap in coverage and a potential for cross-site scripting.

Input Validation My Not Be Enough

I always recommend to developers to have good input validation. Of course, the term good is different for everyone. At the basic level, your input validation may limit a few characters. At the advanced level it may try to limit different types of attacks. In some cases, it is difficult to use input validation to eliminate all cross-site scripting payloads. Why? Due to the different contexts and the types of data that some forms accept, a payload may still squeak by. Are you protecting against all payloads across all the different contexts? How do you know what context the data will be used in?

In addition to potentially missing a payload, what about when another developer creates a function and forgets to include the input validation? Even more likely, what happens when a new application starts accessing your database and doesn’t perform the same input validation. it puts us back into the same scenario described in the section above regarding the database isn’t trusted.

You Don’t Know the Context

When receiving and storing data, the chances are good I don’t know where the data will be used. What is the context of the data when output? Is it going into a span tag, an attribute or even straight into JavaScript? Will it be used by a reporting engine? The context matters because it determines how we encode the data. Different contexts are concerned with different characters. Can I just throw data into the database with an html encoding context? At this point, I am transforming the data at a time where there is no transformation required. Cross-site scripting doesn’t execute in my SQL column.

A Better Approach

As you can see, the above techniques are useful, however, they appear insufficient for multiple reasons. I recommend performing the output encoding immediately before the data is actually used. By that, I mean to encode right before it is output to the client. This way it is very clear what the context is and the appropriate encoding can be implemented.
Don’t forget to perform input validation on your data, but remember it is typically not meant to stop all attack scenarios. Instead it is there to help reduce them. We must be aware that other applications may access our data and those applications may no follow the same procedures we do. Due to this, making sure we make encoding decisions at the last moment provides the best coverage. Of course, this relies on the developers remembering to perform the output encoding.

Sub Resource Integrity – SRI

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Do you rely on content distribution networks or CDNs to provide some of your resources? You may not consider some of your resources in this category, but really it is any resource that is provided outside of your server. For example, maybe you pull in the jQuery JavaScript file from ajax.googleapis.com rather than hosting the file on your server.
These CDNs provide a great way to give fast access to these resources. But how do you know you are getting the file you expect?

As an attacker, if I can attack multiple people vs just one, it is a better chance of success. A CDN provides a central location to potentially affect many applications, vs. targeting just one. Would you know if the CDN has modified that file you are expecting?

Welcome Sub Resource Integrity, or SRI. SRI provides the ability to validate the signature of the file against a predetermined hash. It is common for websites that provide files for downloads to provide a hash to validate the file is not corrupt. After downloading the file, you would compute the hash using the same algorithm (typically MD5) and then compare it to the hash listed on the server.

SRI works in a similar way. To implement this, as a developer you create a hash of the expected resource using a specified hashing algorithm. Then, you would add an integrity attribute to your resource, whether it is a script element or stylesheet. When the browser requests the resource, it will compute the hash, compare it to the integrity attribute and if successful, will load the resource. if it is unsuccessful, the file will not be loaded.

How it works

Lets look at how we would implement this for jQuery hosted at google. We will be including the reference from https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.2.1/jquery.min.js

Initially, we might start by just creating a script tag with that as the source. This will work, but doesn’t provide any integrity check. There are a few different ways we can create the digest. An easy way is to use https://www.srihash.org/. The site provides a way to enter in the url to the resource and it will create the script tag for you.

Another option is to generate the hash yourself. To do this you will start by downloading the resource to your local system.

Once the file is downloaded, you can generate the hash by executing the following command:


openssl dgst -sha384 -binary Downloads/jquery.min.js | openssl base64 -A

Make sure you change Downloads/jquery.min.js to your downloaded file path. You should see a hash similar to:

xBuQ/xzmlsLoJpyjoggmTEz8OWUFM0/RC5BsqQBDX2v5cMvDHcMakNTNrHIW2I5f

Now, we can build our script tag as follows (Don’t forget to add the hashing algorithm to the integrity attribute:

<script src=”https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.2.1/jquery.min.js” integrity=”sha384-xBuQ/xzmlsLoJpyjoggmTEz8OWUFM0/RC5BsqQBDX2v5cMvDHcMakNTNrHIW2I5f” crossorigin=”anonymous”></script>

Notice that there is a new crossorigin attribute as well. This is set to anonymous to allow CORS to work correctly. The CDN must have CORS set up to allow the integrity check to occur.

If you want to test the integrity check out, add another script tag to the page (after the above tag) that looks like the following:

<script>alert(window.jQuery);</script>

When the page loads, it should alert with some jQuery information. Now modify the Integrity value (I removed the last character) and reload the page. You should see a message that says “undefined”. This means that the resource was not loaded.

Browser support is still not complete. At this time, only Chrome, Opera, and Firefox support this feature.

Handling Failures

What do you do if the integrity check fails? You don’t want to break your site, right? Using the code snippet we tested with above, we could check to make sure it loaded, and if not, load it from a local resource. This gives us the benefit of using the CDN most of the time and falling back to a local resource only when necessary. The following may be what the updated script looks like:

<script src=”https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.2.1/jquery.min.js” integrity=”sha384-xBuQ/xzmlsLoJpyjoggmTEz8OWUFM0/RC5BsqQBDX2v5cMvDHcMakNTNrHIW2I5f” crossorigin=”anonymous”></script>
<script> window.jQuery || document.write(‘<script src=”/jquery-.min.js”><\/script>’)</script>

When the integtrity check fails, you can see the local resource being loaded in the image below:

SRI-1

If you are using resources hosted on external networks, give some thought about implementing SRI and how it may benefit you. It is still in its early stages and not supported by all browsers, but it can certainly help reduce some of the risk of malicious files delivered through these networks.

Jardine Software helps companies get more value from their application security programs. Let’s talk about how we can help you.

James Jardine is the CEO and Principal Consultant at Jardine Software Inc. He has over 15 years of combined development and security experience. If you are interested in learning more about Jardine Software, you can reach him at james@jardinesoftware.com or @jardinesoftware on twitter.

Using the AWS disruption to your advantage

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By now you have heard of the amazon issues that plagued many websites a few days ago. I want to talk about one key part of the issue that often gets overlooked. If you read through their message describing their service disruption (https://aws.amazon.com/message/41926/) you will notice a section where they discuss some changes to the tools they use to manage their systems.

So let’s take a step back for a moment. Amazon attributed the service disruption to basically a simple mistake when executing a command. Although following an established playbook, something was entered incorrectly, leading to the disruption. I don’t want to get into all the details about the disruption, but rather, lets fast forward to considering the tools that are used.

Whether we are developing applications for external use or tools used to manage our systems, we don’t always think about all the possible threat scenarios. Sure, we think about some of the common threats and put in some simple safeguards, but what about some of those more detailed issues.

In this case, the tools allowed manipulating sub-systems that shouldn’t have been possible. It allowed shutting systems down too quickly, which caused some issues. This is no different than many of the tools that we write. We understand the task and create something to make it happen. But then our systems get more complicated. They pull in other systems which have access to yet other systems. A change to something directly accessible has an effect on a system 3 hops away.

Now, the chances of this edge case from happening are probably pretty slim. The chances that this case was missed during design is pretty good. Especially if you are not regularly reassessing your systems. What may have not been possible 2 years ago when the system was created is now possible today.

Even with Threat Modeling and secure design, things change. If the tool isn’t being updated, then the systems it controls are. We must have the ability to learn from these situations and identify how we can apply them to our own situations. How many tools have you created that can control your systems where a simple wrong click or incorrect parameter can create a huge headache. Do you even understand your systems well enough to know if doing something too fast or too slow can cause a problem. What about the effect of shutting one machine down has on any other machines. Are there warning messages for things that may have adverse effects? Are there safeguards in place of someone doing something out of the norm?

We are all busy and going back through working systems isn’t a high priority. These tools/systems may require an addition of new features, which makes for a perfect time to reassess it. Like everything in security, peripheral vision is very important. When working on one piece, it is always good to peek at other code around it. Take the time to verify that everything is up to date and as expected. Not any changes and determine if any enhancements or redesign is in order. Most of the time, these are edge case scenarios, but they can have a big impact if they occur.

Jardine Software helps companies get more value from their application security programs. Let’s talk about how we can help you.

James Jardine is the CEO and Principal Consultant at Jardine Software Inc. He has over 15 years of combined development and security experience. If you are interested in learning more about Jardine Software, you can reach him at james@jardinesoftware.com or @jardinesoftware on twitter.

Security Tips for Copy/Paste of Code From the Internet

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Developing applications has long involved using code snippets found through textbooks or on the Internet. Rather than re-invent the wheel, it makes sense to identify existing code that helps solve a problem. It may also help speed up the development time.

Years ago, maybe 12, I remember a co-worker that had a SQL Injection vulnerability in his application. The culprit, code copied from someone else. At the time, I explained that once you copy code into your application it is now your responsibility.

Here, 12 years later, I still see this type of occurrence. Using code snippets directly from the web in the application. In many of these cases there may be some form of security weakness. How often do we, as developers, really analyze and understand all the details of the code that we copy?

Here are a few tips when working with external code brought into your application.

Understand what it does

If you were looking for code snippets, you should have a good idea of what the code will do. Better yet, you probably have an understanding of what you think that code will do. How vigorously do you inspect it to make sure that is all it does. Maybe the code performs the specific task you were set out to complete, but what happens if there are other functions you weren’t even looking for. This may not be as much a concern with very small snippets. However, with larger sections of code, it could coverup other functionality. This doesn’t mean that the functionality is intentionally malicious. But undocumented, unintended functionality may open up risk to the application.

Change any passwords or secrets

Depending on the code that you are searching, there may be secrets within it. For example, encryption routines are common for being grabbed off the Internet. To be complete, they contain hard-coded IVs and keys. These should be changed when imported into your projects to something unique. This could also be the case for code that has passwords or other hard-coded values that may provide access to the system.

As I was writing this, I noticed a post about the RadAsyncUpload control regarding the defaults within it. While this is not code copy/pasted from the Internet, it highlights the need to understand the default configurations and that some values should be changed to help provide better protections.

Look for potential vulnerabilities

In addition to the above concerns, the code may have vulnerabilities in it. Imagine a snippet of code used to select data from a SQL database. What if that code passed your tests of accurately pulling the queries, but uses inline SQL and is vulnerable to SQL Injection. The same could happen for code vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting or not checking proper authorization.

We have to do a better job of performing code reviews on these external snippets, just as we should be doing it on our custom written internal code. Finding snippets of code that perform our needed functionality can be a huge benefit, but we can’t just assume it is production ready. If you are using this type of code, take the time to understand it and review it for potential issues. Don’t stop at just verifying the functionality. Take steps to vet the code just as you would any other code within your application.

Jardine Software helps companies get more value from their application security programs. Let’s talk about how we can help you.

James Jardine is the CEO and Principal Consultant at Jardine Software Inc. He has over 15 years of combined development and security experience. If you are interested in learning more about Jardine Software, you can reach him at james@jardinesoftware.com or @jardinesoftware on twitter.

Secure Notification Updates in FireFox and Chrome

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There has been a steady increase in the number of applications that have switched to using HTTPS instead of HTTP for communication. Even sites that have no sensitive information or authentication mechanisms. Using HTTPS provides authentication and a secure channel to transmit data between client and server. The authentication verifies that you are communicating with the organization you thought you were. This secure transmission is meant to stop other parties from being able to read or manipulate the user’s traffic. For non-sensitive applications, it is that ability to manipulate the traffic that we are trying to protect against.

Mozilla announced that the next version of FireFox, Firefox 51, will be changing how it presents the lock icon to represent security issues with the site. Traditionally, there would be a green lock icon for secure sites and no lock icon for sites that use HTTP. The new changes will introduce a grey lock icon with a red slash through it when a site is using HTTP and collects passwords. In addition, there will be a note indicating that “Logins entered on this page could be compromised.”

Mozilla also hints at some additional changes on the roadmap. In particular, a potential indicator on the password field that will alert the user that the account details are insecure and may be compromised. It will be interesting to see how this feature will be implemented, especially if the browser will inject code into the application code. This could raise some concerns for many others out there.

Back in September, 2016, Google announced that Chrome was making similar changes that would take effect in January. I did a podcast on this which is included here.

Google is going further than just passwords and including credit card number fields. There wasn’t much mentioned for FireFox about anything other than passwords. In both browsers, changes should be available soon. Help spread the word about the new changes so your users, your friends, and your family know what the new indicator really means.

You may be surprised at the number, or type of sites that may be affected by this. There are many forums and other community sites that get created without using HTTPS for transmission. This may be because the site owner doesn’t realize the benefits of using HTTPS. They may also not think that the site contains sensitive information, so why add the overhead. However, many of these sites do require you to create an account and log in with a password. Unfortunately, many people re-use passwords so na attacker getting that forum password may have also just gotten your password for other sites. Not to mention, they could impersonate you on the specific site.

In the absence of sensitive or account information, using HTTPS provides protection from traffic manipulation. Even rising a corporate landing page, an attacker on the same network could inject malicious code into the response to attempt malicious activity on your system.

What are your thoughts? Are you for the browsers making these types of changes? Do you think it is an overreach? If so, why? Share your thoughts on twitter or join our slack channel to join the conversation (send me an email for an invite).


Jardine Software helps companies get more value from their application security programs. Let’s talk about how we can help you. James Jardine is the CEO and Principal Consultant at Jardine Software Inc. He has over 15 years of combined development and security experience. If you are interested in learning more about Jardine Software, you can reach him at james@jardinesoftware.com or @jardinesoftware on twitter.

Remember Me Features

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Tired of constantly logging into your applications? Don’t you wish they would just remember you each time you visit, logging you right in? It isn’t as always easy to achieve such a status. There are multiple ways remember me can be implemented. Lets take a look at some of them.

Remember UserName

One of the most common ways for a site to implement the remember me functionality is to remember the username only. The username is typically stored in a cookie on the client’s computer. Remembering the username helps speed up the authentication process, but doesn’t eliminate it. The user still has to enter their password to gain access to the application. Although this is a common technique, some organizations may have data classification policies that don’t allow displaying the username in the application. This can also carry over to the username and the login screen. For these organizations, they may not implement a remember me feature at all. Remembering the username does contain some risk, as it instantly provides the username to an attacker on the user’s computer. This leaves just the password for the attacker to determine, which may be feasible if the user re-uses passwords that have been previously breached.

Long-term Auth Cookies

Another common technique for remembering a user is to set an authentication cookie that has a long life. Once you login, a cookie is created that may not expire for a year or longer. This allows you to be automatically logged in each time you visit the site. I am sure you can think of a few sites that provide this functionality. It is common among some of the social media sites people visit all the time. This is not recommended for any type of sensitive applications because it would allow immediate access to anyone that gains access to the user’s device.

Storing Password Locally (Remember Password)

Another option, that probably shouldn’t be an option, is storing the password on the user’s computer. This was recently seen on a web application, however we won’t mention the site that did this. We can, however learn from their decisions. In the application, they used CryptoJS to encrypt and decrypt this type of sensitive data. In this case, they stored the password in a cookie. With the encryption routines available on the client, it is possible to use them to decrypt the encrypted password with very little effort. This is typically the case any time the routines are made available, especially if the keys are available as well. While I am sure this was done with good intentions, the implementation is not very secure. As a matter of fact, it provides more of a false sense of security. This is most likely due to the use of encryption. It is not recommended to perform this type of encryption client-side, nor is it recommended to store the user’s password on the client like this.

What Next?

There are multiple options to help ease the burden of frequently logging into an application. Depending on the type of application, data stored, and sensitivity of the transactions, the options should be considered carefully. Providing the option to remember a username is convenient with some residual risk. Keeping a user logged in for extended periods of time increase the risk, but may be acceptable depending on the application and its use. Stay away from storing the user’s password locally on the computer they are using. Secure implementation is not easy or straightforward, increasing the risk levels.


Jardine Software helps companies get more value from their application security programs. Let’s talk about how we can help you. James Jardine is the CEO and Principal Consultant at Jardine Software Inc. He has over 15 years of combined development and security experience. If you are interested in learning more about Jardine Software, you can reach him at james@jardinesoftware.com or @jardinesoftware on twitter.

MongoDBs under attack from ransomware

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In recent news, it was identified that MongoDB databases are being exposed on the internet and infected with ransomeware. In a little under a week, the infection count went from 200 to 10,000. That is a quick ramp up.

In this case, misconfigurations may bind the database port to the public interface, while also allowing anonymous access. This combination can be devastating. Doing a quick search on Shodan you may find there are thousands of misconfigured MondoDB servers exposed on the internet.

Like many other software packages, MongoDB has a security checklist available to help minimize this exposure. The checklist covers important steps, such as enforcing authentication and limiting network exposure. I am seeing more packages that are including security checklists, or security guides that are available. If you are installing something new, take a moment to see if there is a guide availble to properly secure the item.

In addition to the security checklist, the creators of MongoDB have created a post addressing the ransomware attacks that are happening. This link points out a few other items to help secure your MongoDB instance. It also points out that the most popular installer for MongoDB (RPM) limits network access to localhost. This default configuration is critical in helping reduce the exposure of these databases.

As time goes on, I expect we will see more improvements made to these types of products that make them more secure by default. As an organization developing this type of software, or devices, think about how the item is installed and how that reflects security. Starting off more secure and requiring explicit configuration to open make the item available will provide much better protection than it being open by default.

If you are running MongoDB, go back and check the security checklist. Make sure you are not exposing the instance publicly and authentication is enabled. Also make sure you are taking proper backups to help recover if your data is manipulated. If you are running other software or devices, make sure to know where they are and determine if they are deployed securely. Check to see if a security checklist exists.

There are lots of exposed MongoDB databases available. Take a moment to make sure yours are not part of that count.


Jardine Software helps companies get more value from their application security programs. Let’s talk about how we can help you. James Jardine is the CEO and Principal Consultant at Jardine Software Inc. He has over 15 years of combined development and security experience. If you are interested in learning more about Jardine Software, you can reach him at james@jardinesoftware.com or @jardinesoftware on twitter.