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Overview of Web Security Policies

A vulnerability was just identified in your website. How would you know?

The process of vulnerability disclosure to an organization is often very difficult to identify. Whether you are offering any type of bounty for security bugs or not, it is important that there is a clear path for someone to notify you of a potential concern.

Unfortunately, the process is different on every application and it can be very difficult to find it. For someone that is just trying to help out, it can be very frustrating as well. Some websites may have a separate security page with contact information. Other sites may just have a security email address on the contact us page. Many sites don’t have any clear indication of how to report such a finding. Maybe we could just use the security@ email address for the organization, but do they have it configured?

In an effort to help standardize how to find this information, there is a draft definition for a method for web security policies. You can read the draft at https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-foudil-securitytxt-03. The goal of this is to specify a text file in a known path to provide contact information for users to submit potential security concerns.

How it works

The first step is to create a security.txt file to describe your web security policy. This file should be found in the .well-known directory (according to the specifications). This would make your text file found at /.well-known/security.txt. In some circumstances, it may also be found at just /security.txt.

The purpose of pinning down the name of the file and where it should be located is to limit the searching process. If someone finds an issue, they know where to go to find the right contact information or process.

The next step is to put the relevant information into the security.txt file. The draft documentation covers this in depth, but I want to give a quick example of what this may look like:

Security.txt

— Start of File —

# This is a sample security.txt file
contact: mailto:james@developsec.com
contact: tel:+1-904-638-5431

# Encryption - This links to my public PGP Key
Encryption: https://www.developsec.com/jamesjardine-public.txt

# Policy - Links to a policy page outlining what you are looking for
Policy: https://www.developsec.com/security-policy

# Acknowledgments - If you have a page that acknowledges users that have submitted a valid bug
Acknowledgments: https://www.developsec.com/acknowledgments

# Hiring - if you offer security related jobs, put the link to that page here
Hiring: https://www.developsec.com/jobs

# Signature - To help secure your file, create a signature file and reference it here.
Signature: https://www.developsec.com/.well-known/security.txt.sig

—- End of File —

I included some comments in that sample above to show what each item is for. A key point is that very little policy information is actually included in the file, rather it is linked as a reference. For example, the PGP key is not actually embedded in the file, but instead the link to the key is referenced.

The goal of the file is to be in a well defined location and provide references to your different security policies and procedures.

WHAT DO YOU THINK?

So I am curious, what do you think about this technique? While it is still in draft status, it is an interesting concept. It allows providing a known path for organizations to follow to provide this type of information.

I don’t believe it is a requirement to create bug bounty programs, or even promote the security testing of your site without permission. However, it does at least provide a means to share your requests and provide information to someone that does find a flaw and wants to share that information with you.

Will we see this move forward, or do you think it will not catch on? If it is a good idea, what is the best way to raise the awareness of it?

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Installing BeEF on ubuntu 18.04

While working on a VM for a class, I had the opportunity to install BeEF for the students. This was the first VM I have built using Ubuntu 18.04, so I expected there to be a few hiccups along the way. The good news is that the process was pretty straight forward and simple. Here are the steps to getting this up and running on Ubuntu 18.04.

I started off by creating a new virtual machine using Ubuntu 18.04. I won’t go through the steps of creating a new virtual machine image, but the takeaway here is that I am starting with a fresh Ubuntu system.

The BeEF team has put together some simple instructions for installing the application (https://github.com/beefproject/beef/wiki/Installation). This walk through follows these instructions pretty close, with one exception to clear up an error we will see along the way (or at least an error I saw).

The first thing I am going to do is install Ruby on my Ubuntu 18.04 image. To do this we want to run the following command:

sudo apt install ruby ruby-dev

The next step is to get the BeEF source files. We will get these from git. If you haven’t installed git, make sure to run the following command first:

sudo apt install git

Once git is available, we can clone the git project with the following command:

git clone https://github.com/beefproject/beef

This will download the source files for BeEF. Next, move into the beef directory:

cd beef

This is where the I started to run into an issue. The original beef instructions say to just run:

./install

However, when I did this, I received a permission error. To resolve that I ran:

sudo ./install

There is probably a way to fix this permission error without running as sudo.. but I didn’t investigate that further.

Once the installation was successfully completed, I ran:

./beef

I was quickly greeted with the following error:

demo@ubuntu:~/beef$ ./beef
Traceback (most recent call last):
4: from ./beef:44:in `<main>’
3: from /usr/lib/ruby/2.5.0/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_require.rb:59:in `require’
2: from /usr/lib/ruby/2.5.0/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_require.rb:59:in `require’
1: from /home/demo/beef/core/loader.rb:17:in `‘
/home/demo/beef/core/loader.rb:17:in `require’: cannot load such file — xmlrpc/client (LoadError)

After digging around, I found that ubuntu 18.04 by default installs Ruby 2.5, which apparently doesn’t have the xmlrpc/client embedded. To fix this, we just need to tell BeEF that it needs this gem. To fix this, I modified the Gemfile file following these steps:

rm Gemfile.lock – Do this first to remove the lock file. Click Y to remove it.

sudo nano Gemfile

In the file, add the following line:

gem ‘xmlrpc’

Save the file and re-run the installation:

sudo ./install

At this point, the installation should be successful. Try running the following command:

./beef

You should see something like the following:

demo@ubuntu:~/beef$ ./beef
[ 6:41:32][*] Browser Exploitation Framework (BeEF) 0.4.7.0-alpha
[ 6:41:32]    |   Twit: @beefproject
[ 6:41:32]    |   Site: https://beefproject.com
[ 6:41:32]    |   Blog: http://blog.beefproject.com
[ 6:41:32]    |_  Wiki: https://github.com/beefproject/beef/wiki
[ 6:41:32][*] Project Creator: Wade Alcorn (@WadeAlcorn)
[ 6:41:33][*] BeEF is loading. Wait a few seconds...
[ 6:41:38][*] 8 extensions enabled.
[ 6:41:38][*] 301 modules enabled.
[ 6:41:38][*] 2 network interfaces were detected.
[ 6:41:38][*] running on network interface: 127.0.0.1
[ 6:41:38]    |   Hook URL: http://127.0.0.1:3000/hook.js
[ 6:41:38]    |_  UI URL:   http://127.0.0.1:3000/ui/panel
[ 6:41:38][*] running on network interface: 192.168.116.139
[ 6:41:38]    |   Hook URL: http://192.168.116.139:3000/hook.js
[ 6:41:38]    |_  UI URL:   http://192.168.116.139:3000/ui/panel
[ 6:41:38][!] Warning: Default username and weak password in use!
[ 6:41:38]    |_  New password for this instance: ec04906c30d928fb857
[ 6:41:38][*] RESTful API key: 6bd0b11e772df40
[ 6:41:38][*] HTTP Proxy: http://127.0.0.1:6789
[ 6:41:38][*] BeEF server started (press control+c to stop)

Notice that there is a “New password” configured here. This is because by default beef sets the username/password to beef/beef. As this is a default, hard-coded password, it is insecure. To fix this, beef detects the default and creates a new temp password to protect the instance. It is recommended to update the username and password to your instance.

Updating the Password

To change the password stop beef by typing ctrl+c. Now, we will edit the config.yaml file:

sudo nano config.yaml

You should see something like this:


beef:
    version: '0.4.7.0-alpha'
    # More verbose messages (server-side)
    debug: false
    # More verbose messages (client-side)
    client_debug: false
    # Used for generating secure tokens
    crypto_default_value_length: 80

    # Credentials to authenticate in BeEF.
    # Used by both the RESTful API and the Admin interface
    credentials:
        user:   "beef"
        passwd: "beef"

    # Interface / IP restrictions

Modify the user and passwd fields to your own values and then save the file using ctrl+x.

When you restart BeEF and go to the ui panel you should now be able to login with your new credentials.

Notes
There should be a way to install the application without using sudo ./install. This should be checked so you don’t install using root permissions. This is a non-production image for me to use for student training.

Make sure you change the default username and password to help lock down your instance.

This tutorial is for educational purposes only. Hacking without permission is illegal and should not be done.

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You’re not always right and that is ok

How do you feel when you realize that a decision you made or an action you took wasn’t as right as you thought?

For me, being right is something I try too hard for, almost. I have spent most of my life living over cautiously to make sure that what I was doing was right. I am typically quiet on topics unless I believe my response is right. I do this because I don’t want to fail. I don’t want to be wrong.

When it comes to security, I think this is a common feeling. Those in the security industry want to be right. We want to feel like we are doing something positive and to be honest, there is a fear that if you are wrong you will not be taken seriously.

The thing is. we won’t ever be 100% right all the time. It doesn’t matter how long you have been doing this, there is always something new to learn. In my case, it wasn’t really something new, it was just a situation where I had too narrow of a focus. Being wrong was actually a wake-up call to realize that things are not in a vacuum.

So what happened?

During a test last year I identified what I considered to be insufficient server-side validation. We have all seen the forms, for example changing your password, where it requires you to enter your password twice. That second text box is a confirmation box attempting to verify that you didn’t mistype your password the first time. The idea that if you typed it twice, you wouldn’t have mis-typed it.

In this case, the server was not validating the confirmation password. Instead, it just used the new password value and stored it. Through testing, it was clear that it didn’t matter what I put in that confirm password field, the new password was always accepted.

When we think about validation, we always talk about server and client side. We can’t trust the client. So from a non-contextual stand point, this is a clear issue where the new password and confirm password fields are not validated on the server to match.

When I met with the client to go over the report this finding came up. The developer’s stance was that the confirmation is there on the client to make sure they use the password they think they typed, but not necessary on the server side. To be fair, this caught me off guard. The more I thought about it, and I still think about it today, the more I agreed that he was spot on.

In this scenario, the weakness is that the user may mistype their new password the first time and the confirmation field would alert them to the mistake. This makes sense as a client-side validation. But how does it make sense from a server-side validation? What would the attack scenario look like? How would an attacker abuse this? From a raw request standpoint, it is nothing to set to fields to be the same. So setting them different doesn’t gain any advantage.

I realized that I hadn’t given this finding enough thought, rather I just jotted it down. It was a low risk finding. It could have also been an indicator of other locations that might not be performing server-side validation. But in its application, this was not a risk that would need addressing as the client-side validation was sufficient. In fact, there are many applications that no longer require a confirmation field with creating new passwords.

Security is changing every day. Things that were once top priority are now low priority. Things that were not an issue yesterday may be one today. When working with your clients make sure to think through these types of scenarios. It is easy to quickly find something and write it down. The ability to accept that something may not be what it seems can go a long way in building relationships with those you are supporting. It allows them to feel more comfortable asking these types of questions knowing that you are actually listening.

Don’t be afraid to ask questions or share your opinions when it comes to application security. There are so many things to know and learn, you are bound to say something wrong. If that is the case, take the opportunity to learn what is right and not dwell on being wrong.

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Choosing Application Security Tools

There are lots of security tools available, so how do you know which one to pick?

If your security team is not including the application teams in the decision, you run a big risk of failure. The security team does get the ability to form relationships with vendors. We see them at conferences. We know people that work there. Because our focus is on security, we know the tools that exist in our space and we have an idea of which ones may be better than others. Of course, this is often due to what we hear from others, rather than our own experience with those tools.

Picking a tool in a vacuum is less than ideal. Sure, the tool may have five stars and has great detection rates. However, if the tool doesn’t fit into the development process and causes more overhead and friction, it will end up failing. A tool with 100% accuracy is still useless if it is not actually being used.

I have seen over and over where a security group acquires a tool, especially static analysis, and a few months later they realize it is just sitting on the shelf. Like all of us, we are excited when we get a new toy. We use it, learn it. Then, the newness wears off. Without the proper processes in place, this can happen with security tools as well. We don’t want this to happen to you.

The first step in determining which tools make sense is to understand the development process now and where it is going. Lets talk about static analysis for a moment. If your development process doesn’t make use of continuous integration and doesn’t plan to then that is not a high priority feature of the tool you receive. Have you considered what IDE the developers use?

I once had a situation where static analysis was about to be rolled out. The security team worked to pick a vendor and get the ball rolling. It was later in the process that the development team was brought on board with the conversation. They asked questions that were less of a priority to the security team, but more of a priority to them. For example, The tool provided a plugin for their IDE. However, when digging deeper, the plugin ran a few versions behind. So what had appeared to be a good setup, now looked a little less efficient since the plugin may not work. This isn’t a deal breaker, but depending on how you were planning on this solution working, it adds friction to the process. The more friction, the more pain.

The next step is understanding who will ultimately be using this tool? For those that listen to the podcast on a regular basis and follow my blogs, you know I am a huge fan of the application teams having direct access to these tools. In my opinion, static analysis is a developers tool. It is there to evaluate the source code and identify policy violations that only the developer can resolve. Giving them access and control over that function and embedding it into their process reduces that friction. Don’t confuse this with the idea that security is not getting the results. Security still needs to have insight into what is going on with security flaws within the application. But to be efficient, the results of these tools need to fit into the flow of how development works. Not be one-off reports under different processes.

This is no different, in my opinion, than dynamic analysis or interactive analysis. These are tools that should be used by the QA group. The group that is responsible for testing and most likely already has automated testing capabilities. They are trained in identifying bugs, reporting, and tracking them. Building these types of tools into their process just makes sense. How many listeners have their own stories of the security team exporting a thousand page report out of that dynamic scanner and sending it to the application team as a pdf? I have been there. Even I won’t read through that report.

The moral of the story here is that if we don’t understand how development works, what type of tools they already use, and what they can handle, we will probably pick a solution that will be ineffective, or at the very least, cause us a lot more work. The goal is not to just shove tools onto the development teams and say do this. As application security representatives, our goal is to help build better applications. That doesn’t mean that our job is to run all the tools and hound the application teams to fix items. By understanding the environments and processes we can pick tools that will fit much better, allowing us to focus our time on building out other solutions or processes for the organization. We are still relied upon to provide the expert advice and guidance to the issues that are identified.

If you are considering implementing these types of tools, take a moment to sit down with all involved parties to get everyone on board. A well laid out plan will go much further than a shotgun approach.

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Burp Extension – Juice Shop Routes

When it comes to testing for security within our web applications, we often look to creating simple tools to help speed things up. They also help provide a consistent way to help identify known patterns. For those that haven’t been following, I have been doing a few posts about getting the OWASP Juice Shop application up and running. In this post, I want to introduce a simple burp extension I created to help with a few of the challenges presented in the OWASP Juice Shop.

The Challenge

The OWASP Juice Shop has multiple challenges built into it to help guide the user along in finding web applications. The app is written as a single page app (SPA) and is a little different than your traditional applications. Rather than make a full page request for everything you click, instead the application just makes API calls. In short, the entire UI is returned on the first load of the application.

There are multiple challenges within the Juice Shop that require the user to access specific URLs that are not available via a menu or link. For example (and I don’t want to directly give away answers to the challenge here), imaging visiting the contact screen. If you click the menu item for contact us, it will update the URL in the address bar to be like /#/contact. So I don’t have to actually click a link to access the contact us page, I could just update that URL directly in the address bar.

Finding the Routes

So how do you find the URLs that are available to access? There are multiple ways of doing this. First, of course, you could try to just fuzz them. This is good if the URLs are not available anywhere for us to find. Fortunately, this Angular application embeds the different routes within the client-side code. It uses a RouteProvider object to do this.

With a little digging, you can find this information in the /dist/juice-shop.min.js file. This is a pretty large file and looking through it can be a little tough. Searching for RouteProvider will bring you to the route definitions.

A Burp Extension

As a professional web app tester, I spend a lot of time using Burp Suite as my web proxy. It allows me to easily view and intercept all the traffic my browser sends back and forth to the server. Another cool feature is it allows building your own extensions to solve just this type of problem. Of course, you probably wouldn’t just create an extension for this one piece or a specific app. Instead, the hope would be that it would become helpful for other applications that use angular’s route provider object. This way, when I go to test other sites, I may get this information right there in my scanner results.

I built a quick little burp extension that looks for the routeProvider object and then, if found, pulls out each route defined. The code can be found at https://github.com/jamesjardine/juiceshoproutes. The code that performs all the tasks are in the BurpExtender.java file.

Once the extension is built into a JAR file it can be added into Burp. Note that this only works for Burp Pro because it uses the passive scanner. To install it, just navigate to the “Extender” tab and click the Add button. Then select the Jar file you created:

Be 0

Here is a quick run down of what it does:

  • Looks to see if the response from the server contains the phrase $routeProvider. If it finds this phrase it then gets the start offset and the end of the object by identifying the next ] character.
  • It then loops through the specific body text looking for a match to e.when. This basically defines when the URL matches X, load a specific template.
  • Each route that is identified is then displayed in an unordered list.
  • When you visit the Target Tab and select your site, click on the Issues tab to look for Angular Routes.

This is just a quick example of how building custom burp extensions can help increase your efficiency or help provide some additional coverage for known patterns within applications.

————–POTENTIAL SPOILER INFO BELOW ——————–

IF YOU ARE WANTING TO TRY THIS OUT WITHOUT SEEING THE RESPONSE FIRST STOP READING HERE!!!

There is no interaction needed to trigger this scan except for just visiting the initial page of the Juice Shop site. The Issues tase will look like:

Be screen1

If you look at the response, you will see the following image:

Be 2

In the above image you can see the highlighted area showing where the RouteProvder routes are defined. In the following image, you can see the advisory screen which indicates the formatted list of routes that are available:

Be 3

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Installing OWASP JuiceShop with Heroku

I am often asked the question by clients and students where people can go to learn hacking techniques for application security. For years, we have had many purposely vulnerable applications available to us. These applications provide a safe environment for us to learn more about hacking applications and the vulnerabilities that are exposed without the legal ramifications.

In this post I want to show you how simple it is to install the OWASP Juice Shop application using Heroku. Juice Shop is a purposely vulnerable application written using NodeJS and Angular. It goes beyond just being an application with some vulnerabilities. It is set up to be a capture the flag (CTF) style application with its own scoreboard.

To learn more about the Juice Shop project, head over to https://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_Juice_Shop_Project. This is the main landing page and looks like the following:

Juice Shop

The first step in installing on Heroku is to make sure you are logged into your Heroku account. If you haven’t created one, do that first. Once you are logged in you should be in your dashboard that looks something like this:

HerokuInstall 1

Now that we are logged into Heroku, let’s head over to the Juice-shop GitHub page at https://github.com/bkimminich/juice-shop.

HerokuInstall 2

As you can see there is a button to “Deploy to Heroku”. Clicking this button will take you back to Heroku and ask for the app name as shown below:

HerokuInstall 3

Once you select a unique app name and the region clicking deploy starts the process. It doesn’t take very long (maybe 3-4 minutes) for the deploy to complete. While it is deploying you will see the build output as shown below:

HerokuInstall 4

Once the deployment is complete, you can click the button to View your new app. This will basically open a new tab at the location of your named instance which is the [name you picked].herokuapp.com as shown below:

HerokuInstall 5

The Juice Shop has a lot of vulnerabilities in it. It is a great way to learn more about how to exploit some of these vulnerabilities and test your skills. If you have little knowledge of application security vulnerabilities or the OWASP Top 10 check out our training courses we have available:

Please remember that hacking is illegal. If you want to learn more about application security and test your skills, do it responsibly and use great applications like the Juice Shop as your targets.